As we build cyberspace, it is up to us, as individuals, not to promote illiteracy and proprietary standards that shut out those who fail to purchase computer programs from a specific vendor. It has become fashionable to blame others, such as Microsoft, for creating what is known as the "dark ages of computing". However, I suggest that we can and should look to ourselves as the source of the problem. In this article, I propose the "public park" analogy as a first point of departure from current critical thinking, and as a framework with which to better understand possible conflict of interest in government and education. Moreover, in the age of Personal Cybernetics (personal electronics, wearable computing, implantables.com, etc.), this issue will become all the more important. When "technology as extensions of mind and body" is no longer a metaphor, will we have already sold our heart and soul for software of a particular corporation, or will our thoughts be free?
Contents
Introduction
Reversalism
Public Schools
The Right Way to Pay Taxes
Applying for a Grant Proposal
Conclusion: Selling our Souls for Software
Introduction
Amid the recent U.S. Department of Justice versus Microsoft battle, now is as good a time as any to reflect on the issue of public space [ 1].
Rather than point an accusing finger at Microsoft, perhaps we should look to ourselves as the source of blame.
By adopting "standards" that require the purchase of a particular brand of software, we have ourselves created a monopoly situation.
Imagine, if you will, a specially constructed public park, specially designed and fenced in, so that its gates would only open to those wearing Levi's brand blue jeans. Those wearing clothes manufactured by other vendors would not be allowed into the park. And those who made their own clothes, whether by their own loom, or from cloth they purchased themselves, would also be denied access to this public park. Handicapped individuals who needed to modify their clothing, e.g. someone with a broken leg in a cast who cut a slit into one pant leg, would also be denied access to the park. Now these people who are denied access to this park have still paid taxes. They've funded the construction of the park, and they pay for its maintenance, but they cannot use the park because they have not purchased Levi's brand blue jeans. Or in the case of the handicapped individuals, access is denied because they've reverse-engineered or modified their Levi's jeans, making them incompatible with the software running on the park's gates.
Such a situation sounds ludicrous, or disturbing at best, but that's essentially the current state of many "public" U.S. government-run Web sites. For example, I recently visited a Web site to obtain forms for starting a business, and these forms appear to require that I purchase special software. Even the government-operated Web site from which I obtained forms for application to a government sponsored research program provides the forms only in a proprietary format for which special software needs to be purchased to fill out the forms.
Applying for a U.S. Patent? Well then you'll need to purchase a copy of acroexch (Adobe Acrobat Exchange) to fill out the forms, since they're in the proprietary Adobe Acrobat format.
If you're visually challenged, you can forget about entering this so-called public space, even though you may have paid taxes to built it.
Many visually challenged computer users build their own special computers and write their own software, often coming up with innovative ways to "surf the Web", like running the output of lynx through a text to speech converter, or designing a custom Web browser that eliminates headache-inducing frames and reorganizes pages, filtering content and outputting with large font sizes.
Instead of attacking software vendors, we need to look to ourselves as the source of blame. We need to require our governments to make our public spaces accessible to all of us. Specifically any government Web page should be required to provide all electronic forms and documents in file formats accessible to all, using standards that are fully disclosed.
We should simply begin by requiring ourselves, and by extension, those we have elected to govern us, to use only formats for which there exist a scientific basis of total disclosure, and which can be read, written, and worked on with freely obtainable and fully disclosed (in source form) software.
By extension, our publicly funded institutes, such as universities, as well as organizations doing publicly funded work, could be required to use file formats and other standards that are in the public domain.
It would only be fair that our tax dollars go toward building public spaces that all of us can access, and public fora in which all of us can participate.
Such accessibility, in and of itself, would go a long way toward making the corporate world more open. By adopting open standards in our public spaces, the corporate world would likely follow. This may well go much further toward solving the monopoly of some software in the marketplace.
Reversalism
In response to my early drafts of this article, the following analogy was proposed:
The government requires you to fill out a form. they send you a piece of paper to fill in (document file)... You try writing on it with pens and pencils but nothing works. you are required to buy a special pen (software)... After paying for the pen and trying it out you discover that it won't work unless you buy a special desk to write on (computer)... ---Josh Mayo. Ballina NSW, Australia.Now, as a matter of reversalism, perhaps we should fill out forms in such a way that the government can't read them unless the government purchases a special software package from each of us. We could do this very easily by encrypting our forms, and then selling the government the keys to decrypt each form we send. Perhaps we could submit our tax forms this way.
Public Schools
It takes some effort to learn how to read and write, to learn basic mathematics, and to master various trades that might, for example, involve learning how to use specialized machinery.
Why should a computer be any different? It seems that there are various companies trying to sell a "user friendly" vision of computers - to create a computing environment where the user doesn't need to think.
We could say the same thing about learning how to read and write. Instead of literacy, we could simply have talking signs everywhere, and multimedia televised bookware. The Internet could replace television, and books as well. If everyone wore a "user friendly" computer, the computer could even read signs to us, so we'd never have to learn how to read. Just point and click! Unless you're a software "developer".
There's something seriously wrong with this vision. It's a bit like having only a few elite individuals with the ability to read and write, and keeping everyone else illiterate. Why not plant the seeds for everyone to contribute to humankind's knowledge? It is this distinction between "developer" and end user - this notion of a "software development kit", that needs to be put to rest.
When our public schools adopt proprietary "user friendly" computers, which are tied to a particular commercial vendor, we're tying our children's education to proprietary standards.
Imagine that instead of teaching children how to read and write, we teach them only how to understand the world through some specific brand of language interpreter, in which the language would change over time, so that those taught this system would become dependent on commercially sold updates. In some ways this is like a drug dependency, e.g. something needed in order to function.
In the coming era of personal cybernetics, we will need to learn a new set of basic skills. If all we learn is how to put on our "user friendly" eyeglasses, pre-loaded with advertisements, and multimedia spectacles, we may simply become addicted to a mind-numbing thought-free existence.
The Right Way to Pay Taxes
Richard Stallman, wrote in the February 1997 issue of the Communications of the ACM (volume 40, number 2) on "The Right to Read", about the right to access of knowledge.
Is there a right to pay taxes?
I did a Web search on electronic tax filing, and found a government site, http://safetynet.doleta.gov/taxes.htm, that explains how to file tax electronically. There are ten links from this page, and nine of them are to corporate Web sites with .com domains. Nine out of ten links to corporate Web sites, such as the Quicken TaxCenter. Even links like TaxWeb, and "State Tax Links" are corporate sites. One of the sites, entitled "Electronic Filing FAQ", which I must assume is the government's definitive electronic filing reference since that appears to be their only link on the subject, states:
...prepare a tax return using a personal computer and transmit the electronic image of the tax return to an IRS approved transmitter. Tax returns can be transmitted to the IRS only by approved transmitters. ... If you are transmitting from your PC to an IRS approved transmitter, you are paying for the software that permitted you to perform this function. The IRS itself does not charge a fee to receive a tax return electronically. ... Aproved IRS transmitters can purchase software from a variety of vendors to transmit tax returns directly to IRS computers. ... You are permitted to purchase commercial software that forwards your tax return, and the returns of immediate household members, to an IRS approved transmitter.You can purchase software to file your tax return. In order to run the software you purchase, you also need to purchase the operating system that the tax software was written to run on.
If you're a self-made individual (e.g. running a computer you designed and built yourself with an operating system you wrote yourself), you're denied access to this public space on the Internet - the public space of paying taxes.
Why can't the government provide the forms in formats that are freely obtainable by everyone, such as GNUX (GNU + Linux)-compatible formats like LaTeX, TeX, HTML, or the like? Or alternatively just make ascii text submission acceptable, since there's no real compelling need for individuals to include plots, graphs, and integral or summation signs, or any complicated mathematical symbols in their tax returns. A straightforward ascii text e-mail submission with a PGP signature might be quite sufficient.
Applying for a Grant Proposal
Let's take a look at another example of Internet public space. Since we can't give the government money without buying special software, perhaps we can ask the U.S. government for funds. So let's take a look at the National Science Foundation (NSF), as a typical example of public space.
On the NSF Web site, forms are available in two formats:
Available Formats NSF forms are available in the following electronic formats: 1. Microsoft Word 6.0 for Windows 2. PostScript ... Which Format Should You Use? If you have Microsoft Word version 6.0, then you should use the Word formats. They are designed so that you can easily "fill in the blanks." If you cannot use these word processing formats, you _may_ find the PostScript formats useful, although, in general, they demand more computer expertise on your part. You can print blank forms by sending the PostScript files to a PostScript printer, but if you want to "fill in" the form, you'll need an ASCII editor to make changes to the PostScript files. Instructions for making these changes are included as comments in the files.So the quick answer is use Microsoft Word 6.0 for Windows, or edit the PostScript file by hand. Now editing the PostScript file by hand wouldn't be so bad, if it had been written by hand. Editing PostScript files by hand is a bit like editing a program written in assembly language. PostScript is the language of the printer, in much the same way that assembly language is the language of the assembler - only one step removed from the machine instructions ("machine language") of the computer.
But when I take a look at the PostScript file, I can see that it's not likely written by hand. It looks more like the output of Microsoft Word, poorly written and somewhat obfuscated PostScript. Editing this PostScript file is a bit like editing an executable task image output from a very bad compiler, and not at all like editing a program written carefully in assembly language.
For example, in the form there is space to enter "Gender". Yet a simple UNIX/GNUX command like "grep -i gender" returns nothing. Many of the words are all broken up letter by letter, making the form difficult to read.
The PostScript follows below, in Appendix A. I welcome any NSF representative to step forward and explain how to follow the instructions regarding the use of "an ASCII editor to make changes to the PostScript files". It would also be useful to point out the location of the "Instructions for making these changes are included as comments in the files", within the more than thirty thousand lines of PostScript code that are provided on the first page, and within more than ten thousand lines of PostScript code provided on at least the two subsequent pages, for those who do not use Microsoft Word 6.0 for Windows.
Upon further investigation, I discovered that in previous years, NSF PostScript was somewhat well written, and not too difficult to edit by hand (roughly only ten thousand lines of PostScript instructions total). More recently, it has gotten much worse. In addition to being much longer, text strings are broken up substantially, and there doesn't appear to be any useful comments to assist the applicant.
An important difference:
%%Creator: eps@nsf.gov(the above is for the original), and
%%Title: Microsoft Word - 99form1207.doc(the above is for the more recent).
By the way, I tried to get more information from nsf.gov, but:
bash$ finger eps@nsf.gov [nsf.gov]connect: Connection timed out bash$ ping nsf.govemail no answer from nsf.gov
Excerpt from NSF grant application form created in 1991:
%!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: eps@nsf.gov %%CreationDate: 1991 %%For: NSF %%Title: NSF Forms %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica %%+ font Helvetica-Bold %%+ font Times-Bold %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset eps 1.00 0 %%Pages: 1 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%Orientation: Portrait %%EndComments % HOW TO USE THIS FILE % % This is an "NSF-style Smart Form" file. It contains printer % instructions (in the PostScript language) to place data (that you enter % below) in the correct areas on the printed form, that is, it will "fill % in" the form with the data you enter. ... % Draw the lines. First the horizontal line then the vertical lines. % Start from the top and work down. 0.8 setlinewidth drawBigBox 0.0 cm 21.2 cm width hLine 0.0 cm 10.2 cm width hLine 0.0 cm 6.4 cm width hLine 0.0 cm 5.35 cm width hLine /FontHeight 12.5 def HB setfont Indent width add 2 div height 0.3 cm add (INFORMATION ABOUT PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS/PROJECT DIRECTORS) moveCenter /FontHeight 9.3 def H setfont /startx Indent def /starty height 0 cm sub def /LS startx def /RS width 0.30 cm sub def startx starty moveto (Submit only ONE copy of this form with your proposal. Attach it on top of the cover page of the copy of your proposal) nextLineJustify /RS 10.70 cm def (that bears the original signatures. Leave the back of the page blank.) nextLineJustify /FontHeight 9.3 def HO setfont /LS 10.70 cm def /RS width 0.30 cm sub def ( Do not include this form with any of the other) justifyText /starty starty 0.20 cm add (copies of your proposal, as this may compromise the) nextLine ( confidentiality of the information.) show /FontHeight 9.3 def H setfont /starty 23.35 cm def /LS startx def /RS width 0.30 cm sub def (Please check the appropriate answers to each question for all principal investigator(s)/project director(s) listed on the) nextLineJustify (cover page, using the same order in which they were listed there:) ...
The following is an excerpt from a NSF grant application form created in 1998. I wonder if there is a staff member of NSF who can follow their own advice and meaningfully edit this file using an ASCII text editor):
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@ & E definefont Pscript_Windows_Font 3 1 $ put}b/xBF{ Pscript_Windows_Font ` 1 ^/FontName get 1 ^ scalefont 3 1 $ scalefont 2 copy ~ | ~ ! | E}b/xMBF{mFM astore Pscript_Windows_Font ` 1 ^/FontName get 1 ^ makefont 3 1 $ makefont 2 copy ~ | ~ ! | E}b/xBF2{/sB0 ~ mBF/sB1 sB0 3 -1 $ xBF sB1}b/xMBF2{/sB0 ~ mBF mFM astore/sB1 sB0 3 -1 $ xMBF sB1}b/sB{: Pscript_Windows_Font currentfont get Ji @ S ; S}b/asB{: Pscript_Windows_Font currentfont get Ji 3 copy A ; A}b/wsB{: Pscript_Windows_Font currentfont get Ji 4 copy W ; W}b/awsB{: Pscript_Windows_Font currentfont get Ji 6 copy D ; D} b/sBT3{: @ S ; 1 1 -M S}b/asBT3{: 3 copy A ; 1 1 -M A}b/wsBT3{: 4 copy W ; 1 1 -M W}b/awsBT3{: 6 copy D ; 1 1 -M D}b/mIF{iMat 4 3 -1 $ put iMat makefont Pscript_Windows_Font 3 1 $ put}b %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Graphics 4.1 0 /SavedCTM null |/CTMsave{/SavedCTM SavedCTM currentmatrix |}b/CTMrestore{ SavedCTM setmatrix}b/mp null |/ADO_mxRot null |/GDIHMatrix null | /GDIHPatternDict 22 dict | GDIHPatternDict `/PatternType 1 |/PaintType 2 | /Reps L2?{1}{5}? 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E}b}e %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Graphics_L2 4.1 0 L2? g{/mp/makepattern , |/hrf{6 eq setAorABC setpattern rectfill}b/hf{ setAorABC setpattern O}b/hfW{setAorABC setpattern L}b/hs{setAorABC setpattern K}b/pf{pfprep setpattern O restore N}b/pfW{pfprep setpattern L restore N}b/ps{ pfprep setpattern K restore N}b}e %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_BW_Images 4.1 0 /iw 0 |/ih 0 |/im_save 0 |/s 0 |/polarity 0 |/smoothflag 0 |/mystring 0 |/bpc 0 |/setup1asciiproc{[currentfile mystring/readhexstring cvx/! cvx]cvx bind}b /setup1binaryproc{[currentfile mystring/readstring cvx/! cvx]cvx bind}b /setup2asciiproc{currentfile/ASCII85Decode filter/RunLengthDecode filter}b /setup2binaryproc{currentfile/RunLengthDecode filter}b/mycolorspace{colspABC}| /myimagedict{/myimagedict 10 dict | myimagedict @ `/ImageType 1 | /MultipleDataSource F | E}b/imageprocarray[/setup1binaryproc/setup1asciiproc /setup2binaryproc/setup2asciiproc/setup1binarydecodeproc/setup1asciidecodeproc ]|/Q{/im_save save | sgco imageprocarray ~ get/s ~ , |/polarity ~ |/smoothflag rf}b/X{/im_save save | imageprocarray ~ get/s ~ , |/polarity ~ |/smoothflag ~ | snap +/dx 2 ^ |/dy 1 ^ | +S/mystring ~ string |/bpc ~ |/ih ~ |/iw ~ |}b/Z{ im_save restore}b L2? g{/Y{sgco myimagedict @ `/Width iw |/Height ih |/Decode polarity{[1 0]}{[0 1]}? |/ImageMatrix[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]|/DataSource s | /BitsPerComponent 1 |/Interpolate smoothflag | E imagemask}bd}e %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_BW_Images_L1 4.1 0 L2? not g{/setup2asciiproc{[/Level2ImagesError , aload ! 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E | c 0 ne{/colorimage testsystemdict/setcolortransfer testsystemdict /currentcolortransfer testsystemdict/currentcmykcolor testsystemdict and and and not{/c 0 |}if}if}if c @ 1 ne ~ @ 3 ne ~ 4 ne and and{/c 0 |}if c 1 eq g{ /expandbw{expandfactor mul round cvi bwclut ~ get 255 V}b/doclutimage{!/bwclut currenttransfer ~]cvx bind settransfer iw ih bpc[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]s image}b}e c @ 3 eq ~ 4 eq or g{/nullproc{{}}|/concatutil{/exec , 7 -1 $/exec ,}b/defsubclut{ 1 add getinterval |}b/spconcattransfer{/Dclut ~ |/Cclut ~ |/Bclut ~ |/Aclut ~ |/ncompute ~ , | currentcolortransfer[{Aclut ncompute}concatutil]cvx[{Bclut ncompute}concatutil]cvx[{Cclut ncompute}concatutil]cvx[{Dclut ncompute} concatutil]cvx setcolortransfer}b/setuprgbcluts{/bit3x rgbclut length 3 sub | /bit1x bit3x 3 idiv |/rclut rgbclut |/gclut rclut 1 bit3x defsubclut/bclut rclut 2 bit3x defsubclut}b}e c 3 eq g{/3compute{~ bit3x mul round cvi get 255 V}b/doclutimage{/rgbclut ~ | ! setuprgbcluts/3compute rclut gclut bclut @ spconcattransfer iw ih bpc[iw 0 0 ih 0 0][s/exec ,/@ , @]cvx nullproc nullproc T 3 colorimage}b}e c 4 eq g{/ftoint{1 ~ sub 255 mul round cvi}b/stuffclut{ cmykindex 3 -1 $ put}b/4compute{~ bit4x mul round cvi get 255 V}b /invalidcolortable? T |/computecmykclut{setuprgbcluts/bit4x rgbclut length 3 idiv 4 mul 4 sub |/cmykclut bit4x 4 add string |/cclut cmykclut |/mclut cclut 1 bit4x defsubclut/yclut cclut 2 bit4x defsubclut/kclut cclut 3 bit4x defsubclut/cmykindex 0 | 0 1 bit1x{@/cmykindex ~ bit1x ~ sub 4 mul | 3 mul @ rclut ~ get 255 V ~ @ gclut ~ get 255 V ~ bclut ~ get 255 V setrgbcolor currentcmykcolor ftoint kclut stuffclut ftoint yclut stuffclut ftoint mclut stuffclut ftoint cclut stuffclut}for}b/doclutimage{/rgbclut ~ | ! invalidcolortable?{computecmykclut}if/4compute cclut mclut yclut kclut spconcattransfer iw ih bpc[iw 0 0 ih 0 0][s/exec ,/@ , @ @]cvx nullproc nullproc nullproc T 4 colorimage}b}e c 0 eq g{/a{3 mul 3 getinterval putinterval ~ 3 add ~ 3 copy}b/8lookup/a , |/4lookup{/byte 1 ^ | -4 bitshift a byte 15 and a}b/2lookup{/byte 1 ^ | -6 bitshift a byte -4 bitshift 3 and a byte -2 bitshift 3 and a byte 3 and a}b/colorexpand{mystringexp 0 rgbclut 3 copy 7 -1 $/mylookup , forall ! ! ! ! !}b/createexpandstr{/mystringexp ~ mystring length mul string |}b/doclutimage{/rgbclut ~ | !/mylookup bpc 8 eq{3 createexpandstr/8lookup}{bpc 4 eq{6 createexpandstr/4lookup}{12 createexpandstr/2lookup}?}? , | iw ih bpc[iw 0 0 ih 0 0][s/exec ,/colorexpand ,/exec ,]cvx F 3 colorimage}b}e/colorimage where{! T}{F}? g{/do24image{iw ih 8 [iw 0 0 ih 0 0]s F 3 colorimage}b}DefIf_El{/rgbtogray{/str ~ |/len str length |/smlen len 3 idiv |/rstr str |/gstr str 1 len 1 sub getinterval |/bstr str 2 len 2 sub getinterval | str @ 0 1 smlen 1 sub{@ 3 mul rstr 1 ^ get 0.3 mul gstr 2 ^ get 0.59 mul add bstr 3 -1 $ get 0.11 mul add round cvi put @}for ! 0 smlen getinterval}b/do24image{iw ih 8[iw 0 0 ih 0 0][s/exec ,/rgbtogray ,/exec ,]cvx bind image}b}e/doNimage{bpc 24 eq{do24image}{iw ih bpc[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]s image}?}b}e %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Co_Images_L2 4.1 0 L2? g{/doclutimage{/rgbclut ~ | ! bpc @ 8 eq{! 255}{4 eq{15}{3}?}?/hival ~ |[ /Indexed colspABC hival rgbclut]setcolorspace myimagedict @ `/Width iw | /Height ih |/Decode[0 hival]|/ImageMatrix[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]|/DataSource s | /BitsPerComponent bpc |/Interpolate smoothflag | E image}b/doCMYKclutimage{ /CMYKclut ~ | ! bpc @ 8 eq{! 255}{4 eq{15}{3}?}?/hival ~ |[/Indexed/DeviceCMYK hival CMYKclut]setcolorspace myimagedict @ `/Width iw |/Height ih |/Decode[0 hival]|/ImageMatrix[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]|/DataSource s |/BitsPerComponent bpc | /Interpolate smoothflag | E image}b/doNimage{bpc 24 eq{colspABC}{colspA}? setcolorspace myimagedict @ `/Width iw |/Height ih |/Decode bpc 24 eq{[0 1 0 1 0 1]}{[0 1]}? |/ImageMatrix[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]|/DataSource s |/BitsPerComponent bpc 24 eq{8}{bpc}? |/Interpolate smoothflag | E image}b/doCMYKimage{ /DeviceCMYK setcolorspace myimagedict @ `/Width iw |/Height ih |/Decode[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1]|/ImageMatrix[iw 0 0 ih 0 0]|/DataSource s |/BitsPerComponent 8 | /Interpolate smoothflag | E image}b}e %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Type3_Hdr 4.1 0 /GreNewFont{11 dict dup 3 1 roll def dup begin 9 1 roll AddOrigFP/FontType 3 def/FontMatrix exch def/FontBBox exch def/Encoding G00GFFEncoding def /CharProcs 257 dict def CharProcs/.notdef{}put/Metrics 257 dict def Metrics /.notdef 3 -1 roll put/BuildChar{/char exch def/fontdict exch def/charname fontdict/Encoding get char get def fontdict/Metrics get charname 2 copy known{ get aload pop}{pop/.notdef get aload pop}ifelse setcachedevice fontdict begin Encoding char get CharProcs exch 2 copy known{get}{pop/.notdef get}ifelse end exec}def end definefont pop}def/AddChar{begin CharProcs 3 1 roll put Metrics 3 1 roll put end}def/CopyT3Hdr{findfont dup maxlength dict begin{1 index/FID ne{ def}{pop pop}ifelse}forall currentdict end dup 3 1 roll def dup begin 4 1 roll /FontType 3 def/FontMatrix exch def/FontBBox exch def/CharProcs 257 dict def CharProcs/.notdef{}put/Metrics 257 dict def Metrics/.notdef 3 -1 roll put end definefont pop}def %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Type1_Hdr 4.1 0 /Type1Hdr{14 dict ` AddOrigFP/FontName ~ |/PaintType ~ |/FontType 1 | /FontMatrix[1 3 ^ V 0 0 1 6 ^ V 0 0]| !/Encoding G00GFFEncoding | ! !/FontBBox {0 0 0 0}| & E currentfile eexec}bind |/CopyT1Hdr{findfont @ maxlength dict `{ 1 ^/FID ne{1 ^/CharStrings ne{|}{@ maxlength dict `{1 ^/.notdef ne{! !}{|}?} forall & E |}?}{! !}?}forall & E `/FontName ~ |/PaintType ~ |/FontType 1 | /FontMatrix[1 3 ^ V 0 0 1 6 ^ V 0 0]| ! ! !/FontBBox{0 0 0 0}| FontName & E definefont !}bind | %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_RLE 4.1 0 /pp 1 string |/ss 1 string |/rledecodebinary{/DC 0 |/BC 0 |{DC mystring length ge{exit}if currentfile ss readstring ! 0 get/BC ~ | BC 127 le{/BC BC 1 add | DC 1 DC BC add 1 sub{mystring ~ currentfile ss readstring ! 0 get put}for}{/BC 257 BC sub | currentfile ss readstring ! 0 get/pp ~ | DC 1 DC BC add 1 sub{ mystring ~ pp put}for}?/DC DC BC add |}loop mystring}b/rledecodeascii{/DC 0 | /BC 0 |{DC mystring length ge{exit}if currentfile ss readhexstring ! 0 get/BC readhexstring ! 0 get put}for}{/BC 257 BC sub | currentfile ss readhexstring ! 0 get/pp ~ | DC 1 DC BC add 1 sub{mystring ~ pp put}for}?/DC DC BC add |}loop mystring}b/setup1asciidecodeproc{[/rledecodeascii cvx]cvx bind}b /setup1binarydecodeproc{[/rledecodebinary cvx]cvx bind}b %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Type0_Hdr 4.1 0 /Type02Hdr{25 dict ` AddOrigFP/Encoding ~ |/FDepVector ~ |/WMode ~ |/FontName & E definefont !}bind |/Type06Hdr{25 dict ` AddOrigFP/SubsVector ~ |/Encoding 6 |/FontMatrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]| FontName & E definefont !}bind |/Type09Hdr{25 dict ` AddOrigFP/Encoding ~ |/FDepVector ~ |/CMap ~ |/WMode ~ |/FontName ~ | /PaintType ~ |/FontType 0 |/FMapType 9 |/FontMatrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]| FontName & E definefont !}bind | %%EndResource %%BeginResource: file AdobePS_Win_Compat 4.1 0 userdict/AdobePS_Win_Compat 13 dict dup begin/bd{bind def}bind def/ld{load def }bd/CB{pop pop pop pop}bind def/B{pop pop pop pop}bind def/$x matrix def/SS{ /pagesave save def}bind def/RS{/pagesave where{pop pagesave restore}{$x matrix invertmatrix concat}ifelse}bind def/ANSIVec[0/grave 1/acute 2/circumflex 3 /tilde 4/macron 5/breve 6/dotaccent 7/dieresis 8/ring 9/cedilla 10 /hungarumlaut 11/ogonek 12/caron 13/dotlessi 39/quotesingle 96/grave 124/bar 130/quotesinglbase 131/florin 132/quotedblbase 133/ellipsis 134/dagger 135 /daggerdbl 136/circumflex 137/perthousand 138/Scaron 139/guilsinglleft 140/OE 145/quoteleft 146/quoteright 147/quotedblleft 148/quotedblright 149/bullet 150 /endash 151/emdash 152/tilde 153/trademark 154/scaron 155/guilsinglright 156 /oe 159/Ydieresis 160/space 161/exclamdown 164/currency 165/yen 166/brokenbar 167/section 168/dieresis 169/copyright 170/ordfeminine 171/guillemotleft 172 /logicalnot 173/hyphen 174/registered 175/macron 176/degree 177/plusminus 178 /twosuperior 179/threesuperior 180/acute 181/mu 182/paragraph 183 /periodcentered 184/cedilla 185/onesuperior 186/ordmasculine 187 /guillemotright 188/onequarter 189/onehalf 190/threequarters 191/questiondown 192/Agrave 193/Aacute 194/Acircumflex 195/Atilde 196/Adieresis 197/Aring 198 /AE 199/Ccedilla 200/Egrave 201/Eacute 202/Ecircumflex 203/Edieresis 204 /Igrave 205/Iacute 206/Icircumflex 207/Idieresis 208/Eth 209/Ntilde 210/Ograve 211/Oacute 212/Ocircumflex 213/Otilde 214/Odieresis 215/multiply 216/Oslash 217/Ugrave 218/Uacute 219/Ucircumflex 220/Udieresis 221/Yacute 222/Thorn 223 /germandbls 224/agrave 225/aacute 226/acircumflex 227/atilde 228/adieresis 229 /aring 230/ae 231/ccedilla 232/egrave 233/eacute 234/ecircumflex 235/edieresis 236/igrave 237/iacute 238/icircumflex 239/idieresis 240/eth 241/ntilde 242 /ograve 243/oacute 244/ocircumflex 245/otilde 246/odieresis 247/divide 248 /oslash 249/ugrave 250/uacute 251/ucircumflex 252/udieresis 253/yacute 254 /thorn 255/ydieresis]def currentdict{dup type/operatortype eq{[exch]cvx def}{ pop pop}ifelse}forall/initialize{currentdict exch begin begin}bind def /terminate{/@FL where not{pop end end}{pop}ifelse}bind def/suspend/terminate load def/resume/initialize load def/M/moveto load def end put/Courier findfont
Conclusion: Selling our Souls for Software
The "public park analogy" has been presented as a metaphor for understanding the virus of purchased language.
In many ways we've been "speaking" languages to which we've purchased rights to "speak". What makes this situation particularly viral is the manner in which it requires those who want to converse with us to also purchase rights to the proprietary languages we've chosen. In this way, the "spoken" Word is a virus, infecting everyone we interact with, and infecting the archives of our own "thoughts". Although we make these choices as individuals, there is a further conflict of interest when we collectively make these choices, by way of government Internet presence or through our educational systems. Rather than blaming the corporations, we should be blaming ourselves. Collectively (e.g. as a government) we could go a lot further simply by not infecting the materials we disseminate with any virus, and by refusing to accept any material infected with a virus, than we might go by trying to cast the blame upon others through lengthy and expensive antitrust lawsuits, or the like.
About the Author
Steve G. Mann, considered to be the inventor of the so-called "wearable computer" (WearComp) and EyeTap video camera and reality mediator (WearCam), is currently a faculty member at University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Dr. Mann has been working on his WearComp invention for more than 20 years, dating back to his high school days in the 1970s. He brought his inventions and ideas to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991, starting, what was to later become the MIT Wearable Computing Project. He received his PhD degree from MIT in 1997. He is also the inventor of the chirplet transform, a new mathematical framework for signal processing. Mann was both the initiator andPublications Chair of the first IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computing (ISWC97). He also chaired the first Special Issue on Wearable Computing in Personal Technologies Journal, and has given numerous Keynote Addresses on the subject, including the Keynote at the first InternationalConference on Wearable Computing, the Keynote at the Virtual Reality conference, and the Keynote atthe McLuhan Conference on Culture and Technology. E-mail: mann@eecg.toronto.edu
Note
1. This paper is based, in part, on portions of the author's after dinner banquet address, "EYE AM A CAMERA", presented at the FOCUS99 Symposium, May 24-25, 1999.
Editorial history
Paper received 17 December 1999; accepted for publication 27 December 1999; revision received 8 January 2000; revision received 9 January 2000
Copyright ©2000, First Monday
Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free Standards by Steve Mann
First Monday, volume 5, number 1 (January 2000),
URL: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue5_1/mann/index.html
